Can develop an argument systematically with appropriate highlighting of significant points and relevant supporting detail while evaluating counter-arguments
Systematic argumentation with counter-argument evaluation
Vocabulary
to refute an argument — refutar um argumento
She refuted her opponent's argument with objective data.
Refutou o argumento do adversário com dados objetivos.to weigh the pros and cons — ponderar os prós e contras
Before deciding, she weighed the pros and cons of each option.
Antes de decidir, ponderou os prós e contras de cada opção.to present counter-arguments — apresentar contra-argumentos
She did not just defend her position; she also presented counter-arguments.
Não se limitou a defender a sua posição; também apresentou contra-argumentos.to give emphasis to — dar ênfase a
The speaker gave emphasis to the need for open dialogue.
O orador deu ênfase à necessidade de um diálogo aberto.to draw conclusions — tirar conclusões
In the end, she drew conclusions that surprised part of the audience.
No final, tirou conclusões que surpreenderam parte da audiência.to substantiate one's position — fundamentar a posição
She substantiated her position with recent studies.
Fundamentou a sua posição em estudos recentes.
Grammar
Advanced discourse connectors
Using multi-word connectors such as 'given that' and 'insofar as' to structure reasoned argumentation and evaluate counter-arguments
- Given that costs have risen, it is reasonable to revise the plan.
- Insofar as the data support this reading, the proposal is defensible.
Cultural notes
British argumentative culture values the concession-rebuttal pattern: acknowledging the opponent's strongest point before overturning it is seen as a mark of intellectual maturity, not weakness. Conclusions are often understated.